Ghaznavids - Mahmud of Gazni & Muhammad Ghori Ghaznavids (1000-1200 AD) ▪ Islam → Founded in Mecca by prophet muhammad (622 AD) ▪ 622 AD → Starting point of Muslim calender ▪ Later, Profet moved to Madina & this Muslim era was called Hijra ▪ Followers of prophet set up an empire known as Caliphate ▪ Umayyads & Abbasids were called Caliphs (Arabs) Mahmud of Gazni ▪ Around 900 AD, Caliphate declined & Turkish established independent kingdoms ▪ Mahmud of Gazni is said to have made 17 raids to India, mainly aimed at rich temples & cities of North India ▪ North Indian frontier Hindu Shahi kingdom of Jayapala (Punjab to Kabul) was defeated in 1001 AD ▪ His successor Anandpala also got defeated in battle of Waihind (1008 AD). ▪ In battle of Waihind, Anandpala was supported by Rulers of Kannauj & Rajasthan; as a result Mahmud got his rule established over almost all over Punjab Famous Poets Patronized by Mahmud of Gazni ▪ Firdausi → Wrote Shahn

Ghaznavids - Mahmud of Gazni & Muhammad Ghori Ghaznavids (1000-1200 AD) ▪ Islam → Founded in Mecca by prophet muhammad (622 AD) ▪ 622 AD → Starting point of Muslim calender ▪ Later, Profet moved to Madina & this Muslim era was called Hijra ▪ Followers of prophet set up an empire known as Caliphate ▪ Umayyads & Abbasids were called Caliphs (Arabs) Mahmud of Gazni ▪ Around 900 AD, Caliphate declined & Turkish established independent kingdoms ▪ Mahmud of Gazni is said to have made 17 raids to India, mainly aimed at rich temples & cities of North India ▪ North Indian frontier Hindu Shahi kingdom of Jayapala (Punjab to Kabul) was defeated in 1001 AD ▪ His successor Anandpala also got defeated in battle of Waihind (1008 AD). ▪ In battle of Waihind, Anandpala was supported by Rulers of Kannauj & Rajasthan; as a result Mahmud got his rule established over almost all over Punjab Famous Poets Patronized by Mahmud of Gazni ▪ Firdausi → Wrote Shahn

Rashtrakutas & Imperial Cholas Rashtrakutas Deccan + Karnataka → 975 AD Mother Tounge → Kannad Capital → Manyakhet Great Kannad Poet → Pampa (Wrote Vikramasena Vijaya & Adi Purana) Dantidurga ▪ Founder of Rashtrakutas kingdom ▪ Defeated Pariharas annexed Malwa ▪ Defeated & Annexed Chalukyas Krishana 1 ▪ Annexed Chalukyas of Vengi (Eastern Chalukyas) ▪ Built Monolithic Ellora temple Kailasha temple → Dravidian Style Amoghavarsha ▪ Ruled for 64 Years → Follower of Jainism ▪ Chief Teacher → Jinasena (Wrote Parshavabudaya) ▪ Wrote 1st Kannada book → Kavirajmarga ▪ Built capital Malkhed (Manyakhet) to its zenith Krishana 3 ▪ Last prominent Rashtrakuta ruler ▪ Built Krishaneshwara Temple at Rameshwaram ▪ After his death Rastrakutas power declined & Chalukya of kalyani took over Administration of Rashtrakutas ▪ Empire was divided into several provinces called Rashtras under the control of Rashtrapati ▪ Rashtras were further divided into Distr

Rashtrakutas & Imperial Cholas Rashtrakutas Deccan + Karnataka → 975 AD Mother Tounge → Kannad Capital → Manyakhet Great Kannad Poet → Pampa (Wrote Vikramasena Vijaya & Adi Purana) Dantidurga ▪ Founder of Rashtrakutas kingdom ▪ Defeated Pariharas annexed Malwa ▪ Defeated & Annexed Chalukyas Krishana 1 ▪ Annexed Chalukyas of Vengi (Eastern Chalukyas) ▪ Built Monolithic Ellora temple Kailasha temple → Dravidian Style Amoghavarsha ▪ Ruled for 64 Years → Follower of Jainism ▪ Chief Teacher → Jinasena (Wrote Parshavabudaya) ▪ Wrote 1st Kannada book → Kavirajmarga ▪ Built capital Malkhed (Manyakhet) to its zenith Krishana 3 ▪ Last prominent Rashtrakuta ruler ▪ Built Krishaneshwara Temple at Rameshwaram ▪ After his death Rastrakutas power declined & Chalukya of kalyani took over Administration of Rashtrakutas ▪ Empire was divided into several provinces called Rashtras under the control of Rashtrapati ▪ Rashtras were further divided into Distr

Chalukya, Pallava, Pandyas ▪ 600 AD: 3 Main Kingdoms in South: Chalukya (Badami); Pallava (Kanchi); Pandyas (Madurai) ▪ Primary Language : Sanskrit ▪ Rise of agrarian economy + No megaliths + Decline in trade ▪ Numerous grants were made to Brahamanas ▪ Marked by beginning of construction of stone temple of Vishnu & Shiva ▪ Jainism was confined to Maharashtra Chalukyas of Badami ▪ Northern Maharashtra → Vakatas (Brahamanas) Succeded Satavahanas ▪ Vakatas were Succeeded by Chalukyas of Badami (Vatapi) ▪ Chalukyas of Badami claimed their descendent from Moon/Manu/Brahma ▪ Capital → Badami (Vatapi) at Bijapur (Karnataka) Greatest Ruler → Pulakeshin 2 ▪ Aihole inscription by Ravikriti in sanskrit ▪ Defeated Harshas Army advancing in Deccan on banks of Narmada Architecture by Chalukyas ▪ Developed Deccan/ Vesara style Temples ▪ Developed Papanatha & Virupaksha Pattadakal (City of famous 10 temples) Pallavas ▪ Eastern Peninsula → Ikshvakus (S

Chalukya, Pallava, Pandyas ▪ 600 AD: 3 Main Kingdoms in South: Chalukya (Badami); Pallava (Kanchi); Pandyas (Madurai) ▪ Primary Language : Sanskrit ▪ Rise of agrarian economy + No megaliths + Decline in trade ▪ Numerous grants were made to Brahamanas ▪ Marked by beginning of construction of stone temple of Vishnu & Shiva ▪ Jainism was confined to Maharashtra Chalukyas of Badami ▪ Northern Maharashtra → Vakatas (Brahamanas) Succeded Satavahanas ▪ Vakatas were Succeeded by Chalukyas of Badami (Vatapi) ▪ Chalukyas of Badami claimed their descendent from Moon/Manu/Brahma ▪ Capital → Badami (Vatapi) at Bijapur (Karnataka) Greatest Ruler → Pulakeshin 2 ▪ Aihole inscription by Ravikriti in sanskrit ▪ Defeated Harshas Army advancing in Deccan on banks of Narmada Architecture by Chalukyas ▪ Developed Deccan/ Vesara style Temples ▪ Developed Papanatha & Virupaksha Pattadakal (City of famous 10 temples) Pallavas ▪ Eastern Peninsula → Ikshvakus (S

Harshavardhana (606-647 AD) Harshavardhana ▪ After Gupta’s decline, Harshavardhana, a ruler of Thanesar, Haryana extended his authority over all fiduciaries ▪ Harshavardhana made Kannauj his capital & seat of power & became last great Hindu ruler of North India ▪ In his early life, Harsha was devoted to Shiva but later he became an ardent Mahayana Buddhist under the influence of Chinese pilgrim Huan Tsang Kannauj Assembly → Harsha organised a Kannauj assembly to honour Chinese pilgrim Huan Tsang where he explained doctrines of Mahayana Buddhism & claimed his superiority over others Prayag Assembly → 2nd Mahayana Buddhism assembly by Harsha, marked by great charity of Harsha where he even gave up his cloths as charity Revenue collection during Harsha’s period was divided into 4 parts namely 1. For kings 2. For Scholars 3. For officials 4. For Religious purposes Banskhera inscriptions contains sign & conquest of Harshavardhana Huan

Harshavardhana (606-647 AD) Harshavardhana ▪ After Gupta’s decline, Harshavardhana, a ruler of Thanesar, Haryana extended his authority over all fiduciaries ▪ Harshavardhana made Kannauj his capital & seat of power & became last great Hindu ruler of North India ▪ In his early life, Harsha was devoted to Shiva but later he became an ardent Mahayana Buddhist under the influence of Chinese pilgrim Huan Tsang Kannauj Assembly → Harsha organised a Kannauj assembly to honour Chinese pilgrim Huan Tsang where he explained doctrines of Mahayana Buddhism & claimed his superiority over others Prayag Assembly → 2nd Mahayana Buddhism assembly by Harsha, marked by great charity of Harsha where he even gave up his cloths as charity Revenue collection during Harsha’s period was divided into 4 parts namely 1. For kings 2. For Scholars 3. For officials 4. For Religious purposes Banskhera inscriptions contains sign & conquest of Harshavardhana Huan

Gupta Empire (400-600 AD) Gupta Empire ▪ On ruins of Kushan Empire rose Gupta Empire ▪ Constituted majority of UP & Bihar ▪ Main center of power at Prayag (Allahabad) ▪ Founder of Gupta Dynasty was Sri- gupta ▪ Srigupta was succeeded by Ghatochkacha ▪ Both of them were called Maharaja Chandragupta 1 ▪ 1st to be called as Maharajadhiraja (Great king of kings) ▪ Married Lichchhavi princess which gave him strength & prestige ▪ Considered to be founder of Gupta era as a mark of his ascension ▪ Mehraulli iron pillar inscriptions mentions his extensive quests Samundragupta ▪ Known as greatest ruler of Gupta dynasty & Napolean of India ▪ Was opposite of Asoka & delighted in military conquest. ▪ Inscriptions of his military conquest are mentioned (in sanskrit with Nagari script) on same Allahabad pillar which carries inscriptions of peace loving Asoka ▪ Samundragupta never knew any defeat & conquered east till Assam, west till eastern Afganistan,

Gupta Empire (400-600 AD) Gupta Empire ▪ On ruins of Kushan Empire rose Gupta Empire ▪ Constituted majority of UP & Bihar ▪ Main center of power at Prayag (Allahabad) ▪ Founder of Gupta Dynasty was Sri- gupta ▪ Srigupta was succeeded by Ghatochkacha ▪ Both of them were called Maharaja Chandragupta 1 ▪ 1st to be called as Maharajadhiraja (Great king of kings) ▪ Married Lichchhavi princess which gave him strength & prestige ▪ Considered to be founder of Gupta era as a mark of his ascension ▪ Mehraulli iron pillar inscriptions mentions his extensive quests Samundragupta ▪ Known as greatest ruler of Gupta dynasty & Napolean of India ▪ Was opposite of Asoka & delighted in military conquest. ▪ Inscriptions of his military conquest are mentioned (in sanskrit with Nagari script) on same Allahabad pillar which carries inscriptions of peace loving Asoka ▪ Samundragupta never knew any defeat & conquered east till Assam, west till eastern Afganistan,

During Sangam age south India was ruled by 3 dynasties namely Cheras, Cholas & Pandyas Cheras (Keralaputras) Capital → Vanji Seaports → Muziri & Tondi Emblem → Bow ▪ Roman Temple of Augustus (Later destroyed by Tipu) ▪ Greatest Ruler: Senguttuvan (Red/Good Chera) ▪ Trade: Pepper (Yavanpriya) + Jackfruit with Romans Cholas (Cholamandam) Emblem → Tiger Chief crop → Paddy ▪ Greatest Ruler: Karikala → Founded Puhar (Kaveripatanam) → Capital on river Kaveri ▪ Seaport → Puhar (became center of commerce & trade) ▪ Uraipur: Chief Political Center Famous for Cotton trade Pandyas Emblem → Carp Chief crop → Paddy ▪ Founded by a woman king ▪ Patronized Sangam assembly at capital Madurai ▪ Famous for its pearls trade Imp. Features of 3 kingdoms ▪ Major Revenue Source: Agriculture + Trade (Custom duty) + Warbooty ▪ Main influence of Brahamans → (Sacrifices + Dakshina) Prominent ▪ Primary Deity → Seyon / Murugan / Known as Su

During Sangam age south India was ruled by 3 dynasties namely Cheras, Cholas & Pandyas Cheras (Keralaputras) Capital → Vanji Seaports → Muziri & Tondi Emblem → Bow ▪ Roman Temple of Augustus (Later destroyed by Tipu) ▪ Greatest Ruler: Senguttuvan (Red/Good Chera) ▪ Trade: Pepper (Yavanpriya) + Jackfruit with Romans Cholas (Cholamandam) Emblem → Tiger Chief crop → Paddy ▪ Greatest Ruler: Karikala → Founded Puhar (Kaveripatanam) → Capital on river Kaveri ▪ Seaport → Puhar (became center of commerce & trade) ▪ Uraipur: Chief Political Center Famous for Cotton trade Pandyas Emblem → Carp Chief crop → Paddy ▪ Founded by a woman king ▪ Patronized Sangam assembly at capital Madurai ▪ Famous for its pearls trade Imp. Features of 3 kingdoms ▪ Major Revenue Source: Agriculture + Trade (Custom duty) + Warbooty ▪ Main influence of Brahamans → (Sacrifices + Dakshina) Prominent ▪ Primary Deity → Seyon / Murugan / Known as Su

Sangam Age: 300-600 AD Sangam Age ▪ Assembly of poets ▪ Mainly patronized by Pandayas Divided in 2 parts Narrative ▪ 18 major works ( Melkannakku) ▪ Mainly on Aham (Love) & Puram (Valor) ▪ 10 Idylls ( Pattuppattu) ▪ 8 Anthrologies (Ettutogai) Didactic ▪ 18 minor works (Kikanakku) ▪ Philosophical, Moral & ethical message ▪ Encloses Tirukkural – Bible of Tamils (Written by Thiruvallur) Twin Tamil Epics Silappadikaram ▪ Brightest Jewel anklet of Tamil literature ▪ Love story of Kovalam + Madhavi (Dancer) over his wife Kannagi ▪ Written by Elango Adigal Manimekalai ▪ Story of adventures of daughter born of Kovalam & Madhavi ▪ Written by Sattanur Narrative text ▪ Works of heroics poetry in which heroes are glorified ▪ Perpetual wars & cattle raids are frequently mentioned ▪ This text shows traces of early megalithic life &that early Tamil people were mainly pastoral →Lived basically on hunting & fishing although cultivated rice ▪

Sangam Age: 300-600 AD Sangam Age ▪ Assembly of poets ▪ Mainly patronized by Pandayas Divided in 2 parts Narrative ▪ 18 major works ( Melkannakku) ▪ Mainly on Aham (Love) & Puram (Valor) ▪ 10 Idylls ( Pattuppattu) ▪ 8 Anthrologies (Ettutogai) Didactic ▪ 18 minor works (Kikanakku) ▪ Philosophical, Moral & ethical message ▪ Encloses Tirukkural – Bible of Tamils (Written by Thiruvallur) Twin Tamil Epics Silappadikaram ▪ Brightest Jewel anklet of Tamil literature ▪ Love story of Kovalam + Madhavi (Dancer) over his wife Kannagi ▪ Written by Elango Adigal Manimekalai ▪ Story of adventures of daughter born of Kovalam & Madhavi ▪ Written by Sattanur Narrative text ▪ Works of heroics poetry in which heroes are glorified ▪ Perpetual wars & cattle raids are frequently mentioned ▪ This text shows traces of early megalithic life &that early Tamil people were mainly pastoral →Lived basically on hunting & fishing although cultivated rice ▪

Foreign invasion of NW India: Shakas, Parthians, Kushanas Foreign invasion of NW India ▪ Bactrians & Parthians (Iranians) became independent from Syrian (Greek) rule around 300 BC ▪ Around 200 BC, B.C. Demetrius, the Greek ruler of Bactria invaded Afganistan & Punjab & occupied them. ▪ From Taxila he sent his 2 commanders, Appolodotus & Menander for further conquest ▪ Appolodotus conquered Sindh & marched upto Ujjain ▪ Menander extended his rule upto Mathura & from there attempted to capture Patliputra, but was stopped by Vasumitra (Grandson of Pusyamitra Sunga) ▪ Menander, also called Milinda, formed his capital at Sakala (Sialcot) & took great interest in Buddhism. His dialogues with Buddhist monk Nagsena were compiled in Pali work “Milindpanho” or questions of Milinda. ▪ Milinda, finally embraced Buddhism under Buddhist monk Nagarjuna ▪ A Greek ambassador, Heliodorus, became vaishnavite (Vasudev worshiper mainly) & erected ‘Garuna

Foreign invasion of NW India: Shakas, Parthians, Kushanas Foreign invasion of NW India ▪ Bactrians & Parthians (Iranians) became independent from Syrian (Greek) rule around 300 BC ▪ Around 200 BC, B.C. Demetrius, the Greek ruler of Bactria invaded Afganistan & Punjab & occupied them. ▪ From Taxila he sent his 2 commanders, Appolodotus & Menander for further conquest ▪ Appolodotus conquered Sindh & marched upto Ujjain ▪ Menander extended his rule upto Mathura & from there attempted to capture Patliputra, but was stopped by Vasumitra (Grandson of Pusyamitra Sunga) ▪ Menander, also called Milinda, formed his capital at Sakala (Sialcot) & took great interest in Buddhism. His dialogues with Buddhist monk Nagsena were compiled in Pali work “Milindpanho” or questions of Milinda. ▪ Milinda, finally embraced Buddhism under Buddhist monk Nagarjuna ▪ A Greek ambassador, Heliodorus, became vaishnavite (Vasudev worshiper mainly) & erected ‘Garuna

Post Mauryan India: Sungas Dynasty, Satavahanas Post Mauryan India After Ashoka’s death, his successors were not able to keep the vast Mauryan kingdom intact. Provinces started declaring independence. N-W India slipped out of Mauryan control & a series of foreign invasion affected this region. ▪ Kalinga declared its independence & in further south Satavahanas declared their independent rule ▪ As a result, the Mauryan empire was confined to Gangetic valley & soon replaced by Sunga dynasty Sungas Dynasty ▪ Founder of Sunga dynasty was Pushyamitra Sunga, who was commander in chief under the Mauryas. ▪ He assasinated the last Mauryan ruler & claimed the throne ▪ After the invasion from Bactrian Greeks from N-W, Greeks advanced upto Patliputra & occupied it for some time but Pusyamitra sunga reclaimed it. ▪ He also fought against Kharvela of Kalinga who invaded N- India ▪ Pushyamitra was a staunch follower of Brahamanism & persecuter of Budhhis

Post Mauryan India: Sungas Dynasty, Satavahanas Post Mauryan India After Ashoka’s death, his successors were not able to keep the vast Mauryan kingdom intact. Provinces started declaring independence. N-W India slipped out of Mauryan control & a series of foreign invasion affected this region. ▪ Kalinga declared its independence & in further south Satavahanas declared their independent rule ▪ As a result, the Mauryan empire was confined to Gangetic valley & soon replaced by Sunga dynasty Sungas Dynasty ▪ Founder of Sunga dynasty was Pushyamitra Sunga, who was commander in chief under the Mauryas. ▪ He assasinated the last Mauryan ruler & claimed the throne ▪ After the invasion from Bactrian Greeks from N-W, Greeks advanced upto Patliputra & occupied it for some time but Pusyamitra sunga reclaimed it. ▪ He also fought against Kharvela of Kalinga who invaded N- India ▪ Pushyamitra was a staunch follower of Brahamanism & persecuter of Budhhis

Mauryan Empire (321 – 184 BC) Literary Sources Kautilya’s Arthshashtra ▪ Written in Sanskrit by Chanakya / Kautilya / Vishnugupta / Indian Machiavelli ▪ Contains 15 books & 180 chapters; with main theme divided into 3 parts 1. King & his council and departments of government 2. Civil & criminal law 3. Diplomacy of war Vishakadatta’s Mudrarakshasa ▪ A drama in Sanskrit written during Gupta’s period ▪ Describes how Chandragupta maurya with the help of Kautilya overthrew Nandas ▪ Gives socio – economic picture of condition under mauryas Megasthene’s Indica ▪ Megasthene was a Greek ambassador in court of Chandragupta maurya ▪ His book is survived in fragments & provides detail about mauryan administration & military organization, particularly of capital city (Patliputra) Ceylonese Chronicles ▪ Ceylonese chronicles “Dipavamsa & Mahavamsa” throw light on Ashoka’s role in spreading Buddhism in Srilanka Edicts of Ashoka ▪ Inscriptions of

Mauryan Empire (321 – 184 BC) Literary Sources Kautilya’s Arthshashtra ▪ Written in Sanskrit by Chanakya / Kautilya / Vishnugupta / Indian Machiavelli ▪ Contains 15 books & 180 chapters; with main theme divided into 3 parts 1. King & his council and departments of government 2. Civil & criminal law 3. Diplomacy of war Vishakadatta’s Mudrarakshasa ▪ A drama in Sanskrit written during Gupta’s period ▪ Describes how Chandragupta maurya with the help of Kautilya overthrew Nandas ▪ Gives socio – economic picture of condition under mauryas Megasthene’s Indica ▪ Megasthene was a Greek ambassador in court of Chandragupta maurya ▪ His book is survived in fragments & provides detail about mauryan administration & military organization, particularly of capital city (Patliputra) Ceylonese Chronicles ▪ Ceylonese chronicles “Dipavamsa & Mahavamsa” throw light on Ashoka’s role in spreading Buddhism in Srilanka Edicts of Ashoka ▪ Inscriptions of

Notes - Itihas Pathshala

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Notes

📚 Content of Indian History 📚

Ghaznavids - Mahmud of Gazni & Muhammad Ghori All Notes

Rashtrakutas & Imperial Cholas All Notes

Chalukya, Pallava, Pandyas All Notes

Harshavardhana (606-647 AD) All Notes

Gupta Empire (400-600 AD) All Notes

Cheras, Cholas & Pandyas All Notes

Sangam Age: 300-600 AD All Notes

Foreign invasion of NW India: Shakas, Parthians, Kushanas All Notes

Post Mauryan India - Sungas Dynasty, Satavahanas All Notes

Mauryan Empire (321 – 184 BC) All Notes

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